Washington and Lee University
| Producer: | National Agricultural Library of the USDA | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | This is the NAL (National Agricultural Library)Catalog, covering all aspects of agriculture, forestry, and animal science, with over 3 million records from 880 sources as far back as the 15th century. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, see the help page. There are also hints below the search box on the Keyword Search page. This resource works best with the Firefox web browser. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Environmental Studies | |
Annual Review Of Cell And Developmental Biology (Info)
Connect to: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Synthesizes the vast amount of primary research literature and identifies the principal contributions in Cell Biology and Developmental Biology in one annual volume. Search or browse. Full text access from 1996 to present. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Use double quotes " " to indicate phrase searching. For example, a search for "synaptic plasticity" finds articles in which the two words appear as a phrase. Likewise, a search for synaptic plasticity without the quotation marks finds articles that contain both words, apart or together. Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) can also be used to sharpen your search. Wildcards: Two wildcard characters are supported: the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?). The '?' stands for any character within the search string and the '*' stands for zero or more characters at the end of a search word. For example, a search for b?nd finds bond, bend, band, bind, plus all their plurals and '-ing' forms. A search for adeno* finds adenovirus, adenocarcinoma, adenohypophysis, adenosine, etc. For more help using this resource, click here | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Annual Review Of Ecology, Evolution, And Systematics (Info)
Connect to: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Synthesizes the vast amount of primary research literature and identifies the principal contributions in Ecology, Evolution and Systematics in one annual volume. Search or browse. Full text access from 1996 to present. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Use double quotes " " to indicate phrase searching. For example, a search for "synaptic plasticity" finds articles in which the two words appear as a phrase. Likewise, a search for synaptic plasticity without the quotation marks finds articles that contain both words, apart or together. Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) can also be used to sharpen your search. Wildcards: Two wildcard characters are supported: the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?). The '?' stands for any character within the search string and the '*' stands for zero or more characters at the end of a search word. For example, a search for b?nd finds bond, bend, band, bind, plus all their plurals and '-ing' forms. A search for adeno* finds adenovirus, adenocarcinoma, adenohypophysis, adenosine, etc. For more help using this resource, click here | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Annual Review Of Genetics (Info)
Connect to: Annual Review of Genetics
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Synthesizes the vast amount of primary research literature and identifies the principal contributions in Genetics in one annual volume. Search or browse. Full text access from 1996 to present. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Use double quotes " " to indicate phrase searching. For example, a search for "synaptic plasticity" finds articles in which the two words appear as a phrase. Likewise, a search for synaptic plasticity without the quotation marks finds articles that contain both words, apart or together. Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) can also be used to sharpen your search. Wildcards: Two wildcard characters are supported: the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?). The '?' stands for any character within the search string and the '*' stands for zero or more characters at the end of a search word. For example, a search for b?nd finds bond, bend, band, bind, plus all their plurals and '-ing' forms. A search for adeno* finds adenovirus, adenocarcinoma, adenohypophysis, adenosine, etc. For more help using this resource, click here | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Annual Review Of Microbiology (Info)
Connect to: Annual Review of Microbiology
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Synthesizes the vast amount of primary research literature and identifies the principal contributions in Microbiology in one annual volume. Search or browse. Full text access from 1996 to present. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Use double quotes " " to indicate phrase searching. For example, a search for "synaptic plasticity" finds articles in which the two words appear as a phrase. Likewise, a search for synaptic plasticity without the quotation marks finds articles that contain both words, apart or together. Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) can also be used to sharpen your search. Wildcards: Two wildcard characters are supported: the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?). The '?' stands for any character within the search string and the '*' stands for zero or more characters at the end of a search word. For example, a search for b?nd finds bond, bend, band, bind, plus all their plurals and '-ing' forms. A search for adeno* finds adenovirus, adenocarcinoma, adenohypophysis, adenosine, etc. For more help using this resource, click here | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Annual Review Of Neuroscience (Info)
Connect to: Annual Review of Neuroscience
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Synthesizes the vast amount of primary research literature and identifies the principal contributions in Neuroscience in one annual volume. Search or browse. Full text access from 1996 to present. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Use double quotes " " to indicate phrase searching. For example, a search for "synaptic plasticity" finds articles in which the two words appear as a phrase. Likewise, a search for synaptic plasticity without the quotation marks finds articles that contain both words, apart or together. Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) can also be used to sharpen your search. Wildcards: Two wildcard characters are supported: the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?). The '?' stands for any character within the search string and the '*' stands for zero or more characters at the end of a search word. For example, a search for b?nd finds bond, bend, band, bind, plus all their plurals and '-ing' forms. A search for adeno* finds adenovirus, adenocarcinoma, adenohypophysis, adenosine, etc. For more help using this resource, click here | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Psychology | |
Annual Review Of Public Health (Info)
Connect to: Annual Review of Public Health
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Annually-published overview/synthesis of important topics in public health. Articles from 1996 to date are available online. Additional | |
| Usage Tips: | Browse You may browse through the contents of recent volumes by clicking on the dates (in blue) on the left side of the screen.
Search You may search for terms appearing in articles by using the "Quick Search" option, in the middle of the page. (More complex searching is available in the "Advanced Search" option. Combining Terms You may search for articles containing two or more terms by combining them with the word "AND." Example: alcohol AND students Phrase You may search for a multi-word phrase by enclosing the terms in quotations marks. Example: "latin america" | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Poverty Studies | |
| Producer: | Annual Reviews | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | An especially valuable form of secondary literature. Articles in the Annual Review series are comprehensive, dependable, and offer sizeable bibliographies; if you can find an article on your topic, it will probably point you to most of the relevant primary literature which had appeared up to its publication date, and give you a firm basis for understanding the evolution of research traditions in that subfield. | |
| Usage Tips: | For a more specialized search, see the individual Annual Review titles listed under corresponding subject guides.
For help using this resource, click here. Not all topics are to be found. If you get nothing useful, try a more general search. Wildcards: Two "wildcard" characters are supported -- the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?). The '?' stands for any character within the search string and the '*' stands for zero or more characters at the end of a search word. No word used in a query may start with a wildcard. Wildcards do not work inside quotation-mark-grouped phrases. Example: a search for "b?nd" finds bond, bend, band, bind plus all their plurals and "-ing" forms. Combining Terms: Any multi-word phrases that are to be treated as single search items must be entered in double quotation marks. For example "synaptic plasticity" finds articles in which the two words appear as a phrase. Words within parentheses are evaluated together before the whole search is evaluated. Thus, a search for "impaired driving" or "drunk driving" and opinion or attitude can be sharpened as ("impaired driving" or "drunk driving") and (opinion or attitude). | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Computer Science Environmental Studies Geology Physics and Engineering Psychology Islamic Studies | |
| Producer: | BioMed Central | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | An independent publishing house committed to providing immediate open access to peer-reviewed biomedical research. Subjects include biochemistry, biotechnology, cell biology, developmental biology, ecology, genetics, neuroscience, plant biology, psychiatry, zoology and much more. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here. Wildcards: A question mark stands for any single character. An asterisk stands for any number of characters. These wildcards can be used at the end of a search term, and also at the beginning or in the middle of a word. The search may be slower in these cases. Examples: a search for "tumo*" retrieves tumor, tumour, tumors, tumours, tumorigenisis, tumoricidal etc. A search for "nf*" retrieves NF-κB, NFκB, NF-kB, NFkappaB, NF1 etc. A search for "j*son" retrieves Johnson, Jonson, Janson, Jenson, Jackson, Johanson etc. A search for "j?nson" retrieves Jonson, Janson, Jenson etc., but not Johnson. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Psychology | |
| Producer: | BioOne | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | An aggregation of 82 high-impact bioscience research journals. Most of BioOne's titles are published by small societies and non-commercial publishers. | |
| Usage Tips: | Wildcards: The percent wildcard (%) specifies that any characters can appear in multiple positions represented by the wildcard. For example, a search for "radio%" will return radiometer, radiometric, radiosonde, etc. Also, a search for "%scale" will return large-scale, small-scale, mesoscale, microscale, etc. The underscore wildcard ( _ ) specifies a single position in which any character can occur. For example, a search for "_ing" will return sing, king, wing, etc. Stem Searches: Use the stem ($) operator to search for terms that have the same linguistic root as the query term. For example, a search for "$measure" retrieves measure, measured, measurement, measuring, etc. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Biological Sciences (Info)
Connect to: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Biological Sciences
| Producer: | Cambridge Scientific Abstracts | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | Abstracts and citations from 1982 to present, covering a very wide range of the biological sciences. Some subjects include biomedicine, zoology, ecology, and biotechnology. Also includes access to Biology Digest, rolling 10-year file of MEDLINE, Plant Science, rolling 5-year file of TOXLINE, Recent References, and the Web Resources Database. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Group words with parentheses ( ) when using Boolean operators to indicate the order in which relationships should be considered. Use quotation marks " " to search words in a specific order, for example: "life stage transitions" Wildcards: Use the asterisk * as a wildcard symbol, which expands a search term to include all forms of a root word. For example, patent* retrieves patent, patents, patentable, patented, etc. Also use to indicate an unlimited number of characters within a word, e.g., behavi*r retrieves behaviour or behavior. NOTE: The question mark ? represents a single character; two ?? represent two characters; three ??? represent three characters, and so on. Use within or at the end of a word, e.g., wom?n finds woman as well as women, and carbon fib?? finds carbon fiber or carbon fibre. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
| Producer: | HubMed.org | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | HubMed is an alternative interface to the powerful PubMed. While the content is the same and searches will retrieve identical results, HubMed provides more options for viewing, sorting, exporting, tagging, citation analysis, and syndicating the results list. A link on the homepage will add a HubMed search box to your Firefox browser, or you may add the bookmarklet to Internet Explorer or other browsers to search. Many results also include a link to Scopus, where registered users may save articles of interest or find full text of articles in journals W&L has access to.
Perhaps the most useful tool is the option to create RSS feeds from your search. This is a great way to keep up with articles of interest. | |
| Usage Tips: | Use Boolean operators (AND, NOT, etc.) to join two terms.
To subscribe to a search's RSS feed, click the orange "feeds" button in the upper right corner of the results page. This will provide two feeds for you to subscribe to. Tagged results will appear in a public display along with your username. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
| Producer: | Ingenta | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | One of the most comprehensive collections of academic and professional research articles online - some 19 million articles from 29,500 publications, including 8,000 online. You can search all of these journals or browse specific topics. Provides access to the full text of online articles through online purchase of individual articles or through subscriptions to publications. You will have to use the Periodical Finder to get the full text of articles. | |
| Usage Tips: | Combining Terms: Use parentheses ( ) to group search terms. For example, shark and (white or blue) will bring back articles containing the word shark plus the word white, and/or shark plus blue. Use quotation marks to search for exact phrases. For example, "third wave" might give you results from various academic disciplines. Apply Boolean operators with two or more phrases to restrict the search e.g. "third wave" and "feminist theory". Wildcards: Use asterisks * to create wildcard searches. A search for psychol* will return results containing psychology, psychological, and psychologically. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Computer Science Environmental Studies Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
New England Journal Of Medicine (Info)
Connect to: New England Journal of Medicine
| Producer: | Massachussetts Medical Society | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Search or browse the popular medical journal New England Journal of Medicine. NEJM includes research articles, educational resources, review articles and editorials. | |
| Usage Tips: | Defaults to the "full-text" search. There are also options to search by author, case, CME, citation, and image. To search for a phrase, enter terms in quotation marks; i.e. entering vitamin C will return articles where the words "vitamin" and "C" appear, but not necessarily together. Search for "vitamin C" to find articles about the specific vitamin. For help searching this resource, click here. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
| Producer: | National Library of Medicine | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | The premiere index to the journal literature of medicine and related fields. It covers over 3,800 journals from the U.S. and 70 foreign countries and provides access to over 11 million citations in MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, and other related databases, with links to participating online journals. The database is updated daily. Coverage extends back to 1966.
W&L users also have access to a commercial form of the MEDLINE database via ProQuest. | |
| Usage Tips: | Truncation Add an asterisk (*) to the end of a word to search for all forms of that word. Example: bacter*
Combining Terms To search for citations containing two or more particular words, type the word "AND" (in capital letters) between the words. Example: bacteria AND epidemiology Full Text This icon  indicates free full-text access. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Psychology Science - General Bioethics | |
| Producer: | Washington and Lee University Libraries | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Comprehensive list of databases and online indexes for the sciences | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
| Producer: | Elsevier B.V. | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | Online full text access to our subscriptions to journals published by Elsevier, with an archive starting in 1999. This includes the Trends in . . . journals, Tetrahedron Letters, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, and many others. The database allows searching on over 1,700 journals from Elsevier Science including top titles such as The Lancet, Cell, and Tetrahedron and over three million articles and over 59 million abstracts from all fields of science. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here. Wildcards: Use ! to find a root word plus all the words made by adding letters to the end of it. For http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalListURL&_update=y&_auth=y&_acct=C000053098&md5=7173bf2f1fc8a62c05e6f3ea7a00be2e&subjColl=all&stype=title&type=subscribedexample, a search for behav! would find behave, behaviour, behavioural. Use an asterisk * to replace characters anywhere in a word, except the first character. Use one asterisk for each character you want to replace. For example, a search for wom*n would find woman and women. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
| Producer: | Elsevier | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | Described as the largest citation-and-abstract database in the world, Scopus features broad coverage of scientific, technical, medical, and social sciences literature, as covered in about 14,000 peer-reviewed resources, as well as academic Web sites from the Scirus database. Scopus also functions as a citation-indexing tool. | |
| Usage Tips: | Entries dating from 1996 include complete reference (bibliography) listings, while earlier entries (back to 1966) include only citations and abstracts.
Combining Terms You can search for entries containing two or more terms by combining them with "AND" in the search statement. Example: college AND stress Phrases Search for a multi-word phrase by placing the terms within double quotation-marks. Example: "binge drinking" Wildcards/Truncation The search system will automatically search for singular and plural forms of a term that is entered. Example: cell will find cell and cells. A question-mark (?) will replace a single character in a search term. Example: analys?s will find analysis and analyses. An asterisk (*) can replace any number of characters in a search term. Example: behav* will find behavior, behaviour, behavioral, behaviors, behaviorism, etc. Citation Indexing Note that most entries include a "Cited By" option, which allows you to see publications which have cited the item you are viewing. Full Text Many entries in the database include "View at Publisher" links, intended to lead you to the complete text of articles, etc. on publisher Web site. In many cases, we actually will not have access to these materials. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General Sociology Economics | |
Scopus Citation Tracker (Info)
Connect to: Scopus Citation Tracker
| Producer: | Elsevier | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | Track how often articles have been cited by other authors. A comparable service to Web of Science's Cited Reference Searching, you can enter an author's name and generate a report of how a particular article has been cited by other authors by year. View the articles, print the Citation Overview, or export the Citation Overview into a CSV file, ready to be converted to an Excel spreadsheet. | |
| Usage Tips: | Start by doing an author search. Select the article you would like to track, then select the Citation Overview button.  A tutorial is available for Scopus Citation Tracker. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
All Things Darwin; An Encyclopedia Of Darwin's World (Info)
Connect to: All Things Darwin; An Encyclopedia of Darwin's World
| Producer: | Greenwood | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Two-volume set (2008) contains nearly 200 alphabetically-arranged entries on "the important ideas, voyages, people, and things that influenced the life and work of Charles Darwin and, through him, the subsequent history of science and society."
The links above takes you to Volume 1, which covers A-to-I. Volume 2 covers J-to-Z and includes the Index for both volumes. | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this e-book either by browsing within the sections and chapters or by searching for a particular word.
For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Amphibians And Reptiles Of The Carolinas And Virginia (Info)
Connect to: Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia
| Producer: | University of North Carolina Press / Ebrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Second edition (2010) is "the definitive guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia," describing 189 species of snakes, salamanders, turtles, frogs, etc. | |
| Usage Tips: | You can preview the contents by clicking on "Contents" in the TOC column on the right side of the opening page.
For help with browsing, searching, and printing while using the Ebrary e-book interface, see this guide. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
| Producer: | US FDA | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Handbook of facts related to foodborne pathogens and toxins. Information is gathered and synthesized from the Food & Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, the USDA Food Safety Inspection Service, and the National Institutes of Health. Entries organized by type of organism, with appendices on outbreaks, epidemiology, and prevention following. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Birds Of North America Online (Info)
Connect to: Birds of North America Online
| Producer: | American Ornithologist's Union | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The electronic version of Birds of North America. Provides detailed scientific information for each of the 716 species of birds nesting in the USA and Canada. Each of the "species accounts" contain conservation and management issues, breeding and wintering maps, migration routes and habits, feeding habits, details of life at the nest, information on breeding, life span, mortality, disease. BNA Online also includes recordings of sounds and calls. | |
| Usage Tips: | To cite a species account from BNA Online, see http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/faq.html#eight. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Environmental Studies | |
Connect to: ChemIDplus Advanced
| Producer: | National Library of Medicine | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | A free search system that provides access to structure and nomenclature used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET® system. Also provides structure searching. For basic searching, use ChemIDplus Lite. | |
| Usage Tips: | The Search Page is divided into 6 areas of input: Truncation: To search for the beginning of a chemical name, use the "Starts With" option on the drop-down menu. Structure Searching: User can draw a structure or include a structure that has already been found in ChemIDplus. See the Structure Searching Help Page for more information. | |
| Tutorial: | http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/documentation/help/chemidfs2webAdvanced.jsp | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry | |
Companion To Biological Anthropology (Info)
Connect to: Companion to Biological Anthropology
| Producer: | Wiley / Ebrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | 2010 volume contains about 30 extensive, signed essays which comprise a thorough review of this rapidly growing field. Historical overview; "key aspects of the living," ranging from genetics and phylogeny to behavior and evolution; the fossil record; syntheses of other areas; and more. You may preview the contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | You also can preview the contents by clicking on "Contents" in the TOC column on the right side of the opening page.
For help with browsing, searching, and printing while using the Ebrary e-book interface, see this guide. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Anthropology and Archaeology | |
Connect to: Dictionary of Virology
| Producer: | Academic Press / Ebrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Fourth edition (2009) provides an alphabetically-arranged "authoritative and concise list of all viruses affecting vertebrate species, from humans to fish." You may preview the contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | You can open the contents by clicking on "The Dictionary of Virology" in the TOC column on the right side of the opening page.
For help with browsing, searching, and printing while using the Ebrary e-book interface, see this guide. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Documentation Styles For The Sciences (Info)
Connect to: Documentation Styles for the Sciences
| Producer: | Leyburn Library | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Chemistry (American Chemical Society), Biology (Council of Science Editors), Psychology (American Psychological association). | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Psychology Science - General | |
Encyclopedia Of Biodiversity (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
| Producer: | Elsevier/ScienceDirect | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | This is the electronic version of Elsevier's Encyclopedia of Biodiversity made available via ScienceDirect. Advantages to the electronic version include searchability, PDF copies of chapters, and access outside of the library.
Made possible by the Telford Foundation. | |
| Usage Tips: | The search function defaults to search only the currently selected book. There is also a link to search just the Encyclopedia of Biodiversity in the navigation box on the left side of the page.
Use the subject index to pinpoint specific terms. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Environmental Studies | |
Encyclopedia Of Biological Invasions (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions
| Producer: | University of California Press / Ebrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | 2011 volume contains over 150 signed entries which provide an "overview of the current state of knowledge with respect to the patterns and processes of invasion, the theories associated with invasion, and particular accounts of organisms that have become invasive." You may preview the contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | You also can preview the contents by clicking on "Contents" in the TOC column on the right side of the opening page.
For help with browsing, searching, and printing while using the Ebrary e-book interface, see this guide. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Environmental Studies | |
Encyclopedia Of Epidemiology (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Epidemiology
| Producer: | Sage | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | 2007 volume contains about 600 alphabetically-arranged entries covering "every major facet of epidemiology, from risk ratios to case-control studies to mediating and moderating variables, and much more." | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this ebook either by browsing within the sections and chapters or by searching for a particular word.
For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Encyclopedia Of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies
| Producer: | netLibrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | A comprehensive encyclopedia outlining various topics on infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, rabies, swine influenza, SARS, and many other infectious diseases found in plants, humans and other animals. A declaration in the introduction that we are currently in the "dark age of infectious diseases" sets the tone for the rest of the encyclopedia, which also offers insight into research and new technologies to treat and prevent epidemics. | |
| Usage Tips: | Navigate this encyclopedia by using the "Contents" tab in the left sidebar.
This encyclopedia is searchable, which is the most efficient way to find material on specific diseases. A dictionary is also available in a tab in the left sidebar. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Encyclopedia Of Insects (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Insects
| Producer: | Academic Press / Ebrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | 2009 volume (2nd edition) contains 273 articles on "aspects of insect anatomy, physiology, evolution, behavior, reproduction, ecology, and disease, as well as issues of exploitation, conservation, and management." You may preview the table of contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help with browsing, searching, and printing while using the Ebrary e-book interface, see this guide. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Encyclopedia Of Medical Anthropology: Health And Illness In The World's Cultures (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures
| Producer: | Kluwer / Gale Virtual Reference Library | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Two-volume set (2005) contains essays on "the cultural practices relevant to health in the world's cultures," including entries on each of dozens of ethnic/cultural groups around the world. Topical essays cover sexuality and reproduction, health conditions, political and social issues, and more. You may view the table of contents here.
Purchase was made possible by the Alice M. Dean Fund. | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this ebook either by browsing in the table of contents or in the index, or by searching for a particular word.
Table of Contents You may browse through the alphabetically-arranged table of contents by clicking on the eTable of Contents option, which is divided into two broad sections, any of which can be "opened" by clicking on the appropriate plus-sign (+): Topics -- subdivided into five essay groups, including "Political, Economic, and Social Issues" Cultures -- essays on about 50 specific ethnic/cultural groups (African-Americans, Amish, etc.) Index You may browse through the alphabetically-arranged index by clicking on the eBook Index option, which opens a list of many hundreds of references, each of which is clickable. Searching You may want to use the Quick Search -- find option to find obscure references or to find articles which contains one or more particular terms. Be sure to click on the "within this publication" box. To find entries containing various forms of a word, use an asterisk (*) for missing letters. Example: alcohol* finds alcohol, alcoholic, alcoholism, etc. Printing -- You may print the text (and graphics) of an article by clicking on the "Print" option displayed in the upper-left portion of the screen to re-format the article, then using your browser's printing features. E-Mail -- You may e-mail an article by choosing the "E-mail" option, near the upper-left corner of the screen. Please note that you will have several format options for delivering the e-mail. Gale Virtual Reference Library This encyclopedia is one of several in our Gale ebook collection. You can search through all the sources in that collection by using the "Basic Search" or "Advanced Search" options, near the top of the page. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Psychology Anthropology and Archaeology Sociology | |
Encyclopedia Of Microbiology (Info)
Connect to: Encyclopedia of Microbiology
| Producer: | Elsevier/ScienceDirect | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Electronic version of the 3rd edition, edited by Moselio Schaechter. Subjects include applied microbiology, environmental microbiology, ecology, evolution, genetics/genomics, viruses, fungi, bacteria, physiology, history, public issues, and biographies. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Esau's Plant Anatomy, 3rd Edition (Info)
Connect to: Esau's Plant Anatomy, 3rd Edition
| Producer: | netLibrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Reference work covering the structure and function of plant bodies as well as the cellular and molecular characteristics. The work succeeds in using a holistic approach to plant study by observing the whole organism even while studying the tiniest of systems. | |
| Usage Tips: | Use the navigation bar on the left side of the screen rather than the scroll bar for easier navigation. Use the + to expand the contents and target your location within the book. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Genetic Engineering; A Reference Handbook (Info)
Connect to: Genetic Engineering; A Reference Handbook
| Producer: | ABC-Clio | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Second edition (2006) of a guide to topics such as genetically modified crops, stem cell research, and human cloning. You may view the table of contents here. | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this ebook either by browsing within the sections and chapters or by searching for a particular word.
For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Bioethics | |
Gray’s Anatomy Of The Human Body (Info)
Connect to: Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body
| Producer: | Bartleby.com | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The Bartleby.com edition of Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body features 1,247 vibrant engravings—many in color—from the classic 1918 publication, as well as a subject index with 13,000 entries ranging from the Antrum of Highmore to the Zonule of Zinn. | |
| Usage Tips: | Also available in print in the Science Library's reference collection: QM23.2 .G73 1995 | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Science - General | |
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (Info)
Connect to: Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
| Producer: | Gale | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | This 16-volume second edition (2002) is the first complete revision in 30 years of the premiere encyclopedia on animals of the world. | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this ebook either by browsing in the table of contents or in the index, or by searching for a particular word.
Table of Contents
Searching
Gale Virtual Reference Library
Delivery
| |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Handbook Of Alcoholic Beverages: Technical, Analytical And Nutritional Aspects (Info)
Connect to: Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages: Technical, Analytical and Nutritional Aspects
| Producer: | Wiley / Ebrary | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Two-volume set, published in 2011, comprehensively "describes the science and technology involved in the production of the world's alcoholic beverages," covering history, recent development and trends, individual chapters on specific beverages, and much more. You may preview the contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | You also can preview the contents by clicking on "Contents" in the TOC column on the right side of the opening page.
For help with browsing, searching, and printing while using the Ebrary e-book interface, see this guide. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Icons Of Evolution: An Encyclopedia Of People, Evidence, And Controversies (Info)
Connect to: Icons of Evolution: An Encyclopedia of People, Evidence, and Controversies
| Producer: | Greenwood | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | This 2007 volume comprises 24 signed "in-depth essays on the most famous ideas, artifacts, people and places of evolutionary biology -- dinosaurs, Neanderthals, Charles Darwin, peppered moths, carbon dating, the fossil record, and more. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Index To Organism Names (ION) (Info)
Connect to: Index to Organism Names (ION)
| Producer: | Thomson BIOSIS | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Contains all the animal, plant, and virus names data found within the Thomson BIOSIS literature databases - Zoological RecordTM, BIOSIS Previews® and Biological Abstracts®. Browse or search. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Infectious Diseases In Context (Info)
Connect to: Infectious Diseases In Context
| Producer: | Thompson Gale / Gale Virtual Reference Library | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | This 2007 volume contains about 250 signed essays on emerging and infectious diseases and covers the history, politics, and ethical debate related to infectious diseases. You may view a copy of the table of contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this ebook either by browsing within the sections and chapters or by searching for a particular word.
For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Infectious Diseases And Conditions (Info)
Connect to: Infectious Diseases and Conditions
| Producer: | Salem Press / Gale Virtual Reference Library | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Three-volume set (2011) offers over 600 signed essays (plus additional material on a variety of topics in infectious, or communicable, diseases. You may preview the table of contents. | |
| Usage Tips: | You may find material in this ebook either by browsing within the sections and chapters or by searching for a particular word.
For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Journal Abbreviations In The Sciences (Info)
Connect to: Journal Abbreviations in the Sciences
| Producer: | Telford Science Library | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | A collection of resources for deciphering journal title abbreviations, which are very prevalent in the scientific scholarly literature. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Computer Science Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
MedTerms Medical Dictionary (Info)
Connect to: MedTerms Medical Dictionary
| Producer: | MedicineNet, Inc. | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The medical reference for MedicineNet.com, containing easy-to-understand explanations of over 16,000 medical terms. This online medical dictionary provides quick access to hard-to-spell and often misspelled medical definitions through an extensive alphabetical listing. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Psychology | |
Merck Manual Of Diagnosis And Therapy (Info)
Connect to: Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
| Producer: | Merck | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Usually referred to simply as the Merck Manual, this is the most respected popular guide to medical diagnosis in the world. This is the 17th edition. Also available in the Leyburn and Science reference collections: REF RM 127.M53. | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Merck Manual Of Medical Information (Info)
Connect to: Merck Manual of Medical Information
| Producer: | Merck | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Intended for the layperson, but with the same high quality of information found in other Merck guides, this manual contains "vital information about diseases, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment." | |
| Librarian: | Dick Grefe | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
More Than Darwin; An Encyclopedia Of The People And Places Of The Evolution-Creationism Controversy (Info)
| Producer: | Greenwood | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | 2008 volume provides "accessible and balanced synopses of every major person, organization and place involved in the long history of the evolution-creationism controversies." | |
| Usage Tips: | For help with browsing, searching, navigating, and printing, see this page. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
PLANTS National Database (Info)
Connect to: PLANTS National Database
| Producer: | USDA | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories. It includes names, plant symbols, checklists, distributional data, species abstracts, characteristics, images, crop information, automated tools, onward Web links, and references. PLANTS data is also available to download into Excel. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Environmental Studies | |
Science Reference Sources (Info)
Connect to: Science Reference Sources
| Producer: | Washington and Lee University Libraries | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | A list of science specific dictionaries and encyclopedias. Updated as new resources are acquired. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
| Producer: | Intigrated Taxonomic Information System | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | An aggregation of 40 databases worldwide providing taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes. The project aims to cover all of the world's species, and currently covers 50%. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
CogPrints Electronic Archive (Info)
Connect to: CogPrints Electronic Archive
| Producer: | University of Southampton | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Repository of self-archived (by the author) journal articles. Searchable and browseable. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Computer Science Psychology | |
Complete Works Of Charles Darwin (Info)
Connect to: Complete Works of Charles Darwin
| Producer: | University of Cambridge | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The largest collection of writings by and about Charles Darwin ever assembled, with the majority of works online here for the first time. Includes handwritten manuscripts, the Beagle diary and notebooks, many publications from periodicals, and correspondence. Most documents include HTML text as well as a photo representation of the original document. A manuscript catalog may be searched here. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Anthropology and Archaeology | |
Cornell Lab Of Ornithology Macaulay Library (Info)
Connect to: Cornell Lab of Ornithology Macaulay Library
| Producer: | Cornell Lab or Ornithology | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The Macaulay Library at Cornell is the "world's largest natural sound and video archive of animal behavior" and has made much of its archive of video and sounds available online. More than 100,000 recordings are available for free, and are streamed in specimen details records. FlashPlayer is required, although some of the more advanced features require Macaulay Library's own RavenViewer. | |
| Usage Tips: | Usually, a basic search is sufficient. However, for a more precise search, try the Advanced Search.
Users may also browse the archive. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Course Guides For The Sciences (Info)
Connect to: Course Guides for the Sciences
| Producer: | W&L | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The gateway page to course guides in biology, chemistry, geology, environmental studies, mathematics, physics and engineering, and psychology. Go to specific discipline guides, or use some of the general interest items listed. This is a great replacement for the old Science Library homepage. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology | |
Department Of Energy Information Bridge (Info)
Connect to: Department of Energy Information Bridge
| Producer: | OSTI | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Provides free public access to full-text documents and bibliographic citations of Department of Energy (DOE) research report literature. Documents are primarily from 1994 forward and were produced by DOE, the DOE contractor community, and/or DOE grantees. Legacy documents are added as they become available in electronic format. The Information Bridge contains documents and citations in physics, chemistry, materials, biology, environmental sciences, energy technologies, engineering, computer and information science, renewable energy, and other topics of interest related to DOE's mission. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here. Phrases/Adjacent Terms: Phrases (adjacent terms) can be searched for by using double quotes. For example, a search for "BIG EXPLOSION" will return results that contain the term BIG immediately followed by the term EXPLOSION. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Computer Science Environmental Studies Physics and Engineering Science - General | |
Connect to: JSTOR Plant Science
| Producer: | JSTOR | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | This tool from JSTOR provides access to foundational plant science material such as plant type specimens, taxonomic structures, scientific literature, and related materials.
From the site's description: * The world’s largest database of plant type specimens representing the botanical diversity of the planet. More than 600,000 specimens are available today. When complete, there will be an estimated 2.2 million. * Over 175,000 scientific research articles and other content dating back hundreds of years from leading academic journals including Kew Bulletin, Mycologia, International Journal of Plant Sciences, Science, PNAS, and others. * Foundational reference works and books such as The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Flowering Plants of South Africa, and illustrations from Curtis's Botanical Magazine. * A significant set of correspondence, including Kew’s Directors' Correspondence which included hand-written letters and memorandum from the senior staff of Kew from 1841 to 1928. * More than 20,000 paintings, photographs, drawings, and other images. | |
| Usage Tips: | This page contains several helpful video tutorials. | |
| Tutorial: | http://plants.jstor.org/page/plants/help/help.jsp | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Connect to: Medical Letter Online
| Producer: | Medical Letter, Inc. | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Newsletters pertaining to drugs and prescribing information. Campus access to Medical Letter is restricted to the six workstations in the Chemistry Department's computing lab. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry | |
Connect to: MicrobeLibrary.org
| Producer: | American Society for Microbiology | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | An online collection of peer-reviewed teaching resources for undergraduate microbiology education supported by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). MicrobeLibrary.org is a community-based resource. Faculty who develop resources to teach microbiology at the undergraduate level may share their works with other faculty by submitting them to MicrobeLibrary. Despite being a resource geared to teaching microbiology, it also contains valuable articles and websites for students. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
| Producer: | NCBI | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | This resource, provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) features 3 million images and other figures from life sciences literature. Search by keyword, much like PubMed, and results will lead the user to the PubMed abstract. Images are subject to copyright restrictions. | |
| Tutorial: | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47520/ | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
National Institutes Of Health Award Data (Info)
Connect to: National Institutes of Health Award Data
| Producer: | NIH Office of Extramural Research | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Information on grants available in the biomedical sciences. Includes current and long-term funding data, trends, and a searchable and browseable database of current funding opportunities. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
National Science Foundation Award Abstracts Database (Info)
Connect to: National Science Foundation Award Abstracts Database
| Producer: | National Science Foundation | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Find out who's doing what research and what they said about it to get funding. You can search by keyword, by name, by institution. The records aren't research reports, but you can learn a lot about what's current and how science is presented to funding agencies. Includes advice on how to prepare a grant proposal and a search for funding your own research. | |
| Usage Tips: | A-Z Index of Funding Opportunities Guide to Funding Opportunities Grant Proposal Guide Award Search | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Computer Science Geology Mathematics Physics and Engineering Science - General | |
Native Plant Information Network (Info)
Connect to: Native Plant Information Network
| Producer: | Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center/University of Texas at Austin | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The NPIN, which is part of the web portal for the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, is essentially a searchable database of information on native plants (or wildflowers) of North America. The results list includes photos when available, which makes it easier to identify plants before going to the record. Records include plant characteristics, bloom color, distribution, Latin and common names, and more photos when available. Search by scientific or common name, then limit by state/province, bloom color, characteristics, habit, etc. More than 7,200 species included. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Environmental Studies | |
| Producer: | Nature Publishing Group | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Online version of the popular magazine Nature. Full text access to archived content from 1997 to present. Search the journal by keyword, or browse by subject or issue. Print version also available in Science Library Periodicals | |
| Usage Tips: | To search, click here | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Science - General | |
Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man (OMIM) (Info)
Connect to: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
| Producer: | National Center for Biotechnology Information | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Absolutely essential for diseases with a genetic component. Constantly updated, with an astounding depth of detail and bibliography, and connections to gene databases and other resources (including MEDLINE references). Can be downloaded for your desktop at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/omimfaq.html#download | |
| Usage Tips: | OMIM Help Citing OMIM | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
Public Library Of Science (Info)
Connect to: Public Library of Science
| Producer: | PLoS | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | This is the portal for six highly regarded, yet very young, open access journals. The Public Library of Science (PLoS) was formed in 2000 by scientists and physicians to make peer-reviewed research freely accessible online to the world. The journals included are: PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Clinical Trials PLOS Computational Biology PLOS Genetics PLOS Pathogens | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |
| Producer: | American Association for the Advancement of Science | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Online version of the popular magazine Science. Full text access to most content in issues archived to 1995. Search by keyword, browse by volume or subject. Print version also available in the Science Library Periodicals | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Environmental Studies Geology Physics and Engineering Science - General | |
| Producer: | Elsevier | |
|---|---|---|
| Sources: | Sources | |
| Description: | Specialized search engine which focuses on over 450 million science-related Web pages. Also searches for publicly-accessible science journal article citations and PDF documents that Google misses, including documents from institutional repositories. Focuses only on Web pages containing scientific content. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here.
A Firefox toolbar is available. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Chemistry Computer Science Mathematics Physics and Engineering Psychology Science - General | |
| Producer: | Cornell University | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | Open access to 356,658 e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology. Owned, operated and funded by Cornell University, and partially funded by the National Science Foundation. Search by keyword or browse by subject or date. | |
| Usage Tips: | For help using this resource, click here. Wildcards: Wild card '*' can be used anywhere but at the beginning of a term. Combining Terms: Combine terms with parentheses. To search for exact phrases, use double quotes (") - Warning: can be slow (try using AND instead) | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology Computer Science Mathematics Physics and Engineering | |
| Producer: | Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research | |
|---|---|---|
| Description: | The online and searchable version of the book published in 2000. INcludes the highest age of more than 3,000 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish. When available, lifespans are provided for both wild and captive specimens. Each record also provides a reference for that data. | |
| Usage Tips: | Users may browse the Table of Contents or go directly to the tables. | |
| Librarian: | Mary Abdoney | |
| Descriptors: | Biology | |